Supporting Factors of Maternal-Fetal Attachment In Pregnant Women With Chronic Energy Deficiency In Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Keywords:
maternity, nurse, midwifery, bonding, nutrition, chronic deficiencyAbstract
Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) during pregnancy is linked to adverse outcomes such as low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm birth, and impaired fetal development. Most interventions to address CED have focused on physical aspects. Psychological factors such as MFA also influence health behaviors and outcomes. Strong MFA is associated with better maternal care practices and reduced risks of stunting. Studies on MFA among pregnant women with CED remain limited in Indonesia. Identifying supporting factors of MFA in this vulnerable group can inform strategies that integrate nutritional and emotional support. This study aims to analyze maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) supporting factors in pregnant women with CED in Yogyakarta. This study utilized cross-sectional study. Seventy-six pregnant women in their second and third trimesters were recruited using purposive sampling. Supporting factors of Maternal Fetal Attachment in Pregnant women with CED are Sociodemographic data (age, religion, education, parity, household income, health history, current health problems, and residence), anxiety, and social support. Sociodemographic factors were collected using sociodemographic questionnaires developed by researchers. Anxiety levels were assessed using the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised (PRAQ-R2), perceived social support was measured via the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and MFA was measured using the Indonesian version of the Prenatal Attachment Inventory (IPAI). Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test with a p-value<0,05 and logistic regression to determine the most influential factors on MFA.Maternal age emerged as a significant predictor of MFA (Wald p = 0.018). While individual factors such as anxiety, social support, education, income, parity, and health history were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), their combined effect was significant (Chi-square p = 0.001; value = 24.357; table value = 14.067). To increase MFA levels, we suggest providing proper education regarding pregnancy readiness and age-appropriate conception. Maternal age plays a key role in MFA among women with CED. Women in the optimal reproductive age tend to develop stronger fetal attachment. These findings highlight the importance of promoting pregnancy preparedness and encouraging childbearing at ideal reproductive ages to enhance maternal-fetal attachment.
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